Internet Phishing Essay

Web Phishing is the 21st century wrongdoing with stories running everywhere throughout the globe on how casualties are capitulating to this assault. While the individuals completing this assignment, have ceaselessly grown progressively complex techniques for wrongdoing, while then again, organizations have been constantly looking for arrangements on the most proficient method to ensure their customers’ individual information and increment their email security. While the greater part of the associations around the globe are engaging for better and more secure arrangements, the vast majority of them are finding a way to forestall phishing. This paper expects to talk about the advancements and security defects that are utilized by Phishers to misuse information. Alongside this, the some unbiased prompt is likewise introduced on the most proficient method to battle the developing issue of Phishing. The word â€Å"phishing† at first originates from the identicalness that early Internet crooks utilized email baits to â€Å"phish† for passwords and monetary information from a gathering of Internet clients. The utilization of â€Å"ph† in the phrasing is incompletely lost with time and has been in all probability connected with other hacking words like â€Å"Phreaks† which follows back to early programmers who were associated with â€Å"phreaking† _ the hacking of phone frameworks. Phishing utilizes a large portion of the well known web correspondence channels, mock messages so as to bait casualty into their snare so as to take the electronic character of the person in question. Phishing is identified with the demonstration of deceiving clients with their private data for terrible use. Phishing focuses on the utilization of mass messages like Spam and regularly utilize bots to naturally target casualties. Any online business may discover Phishers taking on the appearance of them and focusing on their client base. The size of the association doesn't make a difference a lot here however it is the estimation of the data that is harvested by such sorts of assaults. There has been a raising measure of increment in the quantity of phishing assaults and now the Phishers assault a group of people size in the scope of a huge number of clients around the globe. These email addresses have been found at the enormous online retail sites where web clients will in general present their email id’s at the snap of a mouse. A portion of these sites have likewise been seen as phony and illicit which permit the Phishers to effectively trick the clients into presenting their own data effectively before distinguishing any sort of security issues. While the technique for Spam was very irritating and troublesome, Phishing can possibly legitimately assault the significant information and make misfortunes because of illicit money moves. As the investigation proposes, more than 57 million web clients in the United States have just distinguished the connections in their messages to phishing tricks. An amazing number of 1. 7 million individuals have just fallen prey to these phishing assaults and have been fooled into presenting their own data. As per R James, â€Å"With different specialists lauding exclusive augmentations or synergistic enhancements to center message conveyance conventions, for example, SMTP, associations may feel that they should sit tight for outsider fixes to open up before finding an answer for Phishing. While the security disappointments inside SMTP are in reality a well known adventure vector for Phishers, there are an inexorably cluster of correspondence channels accessible for pernicious message conveyance. † With time, the idea of Phishing has expanded by numerous folds and now Phishers are tricking the casualties by an assortment of approaches to reveal their own just as money related data. Counterfeit sites, establishment of Trojan pony key-lumberjacks and screen catches, and man-in-the-center information intermediaries are a portion of these apparatuses utilized by Phishers. These sites likewise incorporate places of work and even rewarding propositions for employment. Individuals who are searching for colossal sums cash on the web inside a limited capacity to focus time, are the ones who are tricked effectively on these sites. These clients open up a financial balances and utilize this ledger to get cash and afterward moving this cash to their very own financial balances. These sites really draw the casualties by causing them to play out various safe looking activities that at last gives access to the user’s individual record data. The greater part of the correspondence channels that are most prevalently utilized on the interne, for example, email, presentation pages, IRC, informing frameworks, are likewise utilized uninhibitedly for the motivation behind Phishing. In these cases, the phisher needs to impersonate an unwavering hotspot for the casualty to accept. Till date the best of the phishing tricks have been finished with the assistance of messages. In these tricks the Phisher duplicates some sending position (e. g. mocking the source email address and implanting suitable corporate logos). For instance, a web client recives an email from an email address like support@bank. com and the email contains the title â€Å" security update† and contains a solicitation as to approve their own record data so as to stop a security danger that has been started for them. In the wake of perusing this messages, over 70% of the web clients would send their own record data so as to get confirmed by reaching the email sender and mentioning them to drop the request or the exchange. After this the phisher now requests that they reveal their own data and accordingly effectively draws the casualty into his snare. Countering the Threat As effectively expressed above there are various phishing techniques that can be utilized by the Phishing people group. To battle these dangers, there are a blend of data security innovations and strategies that are accessible for the web clients so as to protect their own information from Phishing tricks. For the best outcomes and security, these wellbeing measures ought to be put onto the three legitimate layers of the framework being referred to.

CHANGING CLOTHES IN CHINA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CHANGING CLOTHES IN CHINA - Essay Example Impressively, the comprehension of the diverse garments of the said nation gives a reasonable introduction concerning how the individuals inside the area created from being conventional towards turning out to be freed and progressively expressive until the current occasions of innovation. How did the transformation influence the acknowledgment of culture with respect to the Chinese individuals Truthfully, the adjustments in the individuals' garments additionally meant the progressions that were going on inside the Chinese people group. As the years pass, the old style comprehension of China with respects their way of life and conventional being has been supplanted by the patterns of the west and the certain reality that globalization has just entered the old style long stretches of the Chinese life hence proposing a considerably more unique way to deal with attire with respect to the locals. As the outsiders began coming all through China for the travel industry and different organizations in concern, it could be seen that the apparel of the Chinese individuals likewise started to create. It is significantly certain that the garments of the Chinese society started to take new shape and has started to flood the global market. Evidently, the Chinese dress line is viewed as one of the significant items that get benefit to the national economy.

How to Help When an Alcoholic or Addict Dies

How to Help When an Alcoholic or Addict Dies Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print How to Help When an Alcoholic or Addict Dies By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 17, 2020 Petar Chernaev/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use When someone with an addiction dies, the grieving process for those to close that person can be difficult. It can bring up feelings of intense guilt, hurt, anger, and regret as the loved one struggles to come to terms with what could have been done to prevent the death. Providing support to a grieving friend or family member can be almost as difficult. Knowing what to sayâ€"or, more importantly, what not to sayâ€"is not always easy and can often leave you at a loss for words. How to Provide Support When someone experiences the death of a loved one with an addiction, the feeling the person will undergo will be largely characterized by conflict.?? While there may be beautiful memories to share, there may be just as many traumatic ones the person would rather forget. What makes the situation all the more difficult is the cultural tradition by which people are not meant to speak ill of the dead, Because of this, people will often talk in generalities or not at all. This creates a sense of isolation that can only deepen a persons despair. To overcome this, try to provide support in the following ways: Be physically present as much as possible and keep in regular contact by phone.Answer emails promptly if the person reaches out to you.Listen actively and look the person in the eye when you communicate. Do not allow yourself to become distracted or appear disinterested.??Allow the person to feel whatever he or she feels. Accept those feeling without judgment and avoid reacting with disapproval or even uncertainty.Pitch in around the house and make yourself available for errands. But avoid any reaction that may be considered critical. A deeply grieving person will often let daily tasks fall by the wayside. Help out but do so cheerfully.Try not to take it personally if the person lashes out at you. If you need to extricate yourself, do so graciously and let the person know youll follow up in a day or so. If you say you are going to follow up, do it. Failure to do so may suggest that youve decided to drop that person or are no longer interested. 10 Ways to Offer Support After a Death From Drugs What Not to Say When an addict dies, the loved ones will often struggle with feelings of shame or fear that people may be judging them for not acting enough.?? These emotions are often right on the surface, so you need to do everything possible to avoid touching these emotional landmines. To do so requires you to be extra careful about not only what you say but how you say it. Among the considerations: Avoid being critical in any way.?? Even questions like When was the last time you saw him? may be interpreted as Why werent you there? if you are not careful.Never criticize the addict or give a summation of why he or she may have become an addict. (She was always such a lonely girl.)Dont suggest how a person should feel or even suggest you understand how that person feels. Rather expresses your condolences; dont make it about you.??Avoid platitudes like Hes in a better place now. Dont assume a person shares your religious or spiritual beliefs. Even if the person does, platitudes like these signal the end of a conversation rather than the beginning.Do not give unsolicited advice even if you are trying to help. It gives the sense that you are taking over rather than providing support. Only give advice if the grieving person asks for it. Don't Stay Silent Dont not say anything. While situations like these can be difficult, communicating your discomfort with silence only makes matters worse. It is better to apologize for not having the right words than to say nothing at all. If anything, offer to be there if the person wants to talk. Keep the door open. Finally, while it is important to say something and let the person know that you care, you do not fill the air with words. People who are in the middle of tense situations will often talk incessantly out of discomfort or anxiety. If youre in a one-on-one situation with someone who is grieving, sometimes its better to accept the silence. Rather, reach out and take that persons hand. The simple act can often say more than all of the words in the world. What Not to Say to Someone Suffering Loss from Addiction

The First English Poor Law Legislation - 1453 Words

16th century - The first English Poor Law legislation. According to Spicker (2014) the English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief which existed until the emergence of the modern welfare state after the Second World War. These laws purpose was provision for setting the poor on work . The parish was the basic unit of administration. People were tied to particular locations. If they tried to get relief outside the parish of their birth they could be ‘removed’ which means not given relief or transported to another parish. The Poor Laws relief did not generally include accommodation but in 17th century first few workhouses were established. In Scotland they were called ‘houses of correction’. Workhouse is ‘a building where very poor people in Britain used to work, in the past, in exchange for food and shelter’ (Cambridge Dictionaries Online, 2015, available online at http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/workhouse, retrieved on 07 June 2015). 19th century - The increase of poor and working class population due to mass industrialisation and capitalism leaded to development of more central and state-controlled but still basic welfare system. 1834 - The Poor Law Amendment Act sets up a national Poor Law Commission which was a start point to state education and health care system. 1839-1840 - The Poor Law Commission enquiry identified disease as a major cause of ‘pauperism’. 1842 - The Poor Law Commission report identifying sanitation as a principal issue forShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Immigration On The United States1017 Words   |  5 Pagespieces of key legislation were also passed during that time that affected immigrants. 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Ireland, for centuries has been seen as a barbaric country with little to offer, thusly, it was no well cared for resulting in a struggling economy. More importantly however, their poor economy was a result of strong religious differences. In 1697, the Penal Laws were passed through british parliament under theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of August 25 By Max Blanck And Isaac Harris1426 Words   |  6 Pagesentire nation. The victims died as a result of a serious neglect for safety features within the facility and brought widespread attention to the dangerous working conditions of factories, which led to the development of a series of progressive legislation, and provided more stringent regulations on the safety of workers. This essay will use documents and outside sources to discuss the influence the Triangle Fire had as a symbol of worker powerlessness in America. Max Blanck and Isaac Harris were

The Work of Jean Piaget Essay - 1849 Words

The Work of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was a pioneer in the field of developmental psychology. He developed many fields of science, but is recognised primarily for his contribution to the field of genetic epistemology (the theory of knowledge). He believed that there was a biological explanation for the development of knowledge, and that children had their own processes of learning, and their thought processes were separate and distinct from adults. He developed a broad theory, based on his studies of children, which described four main stages in the learning process. He began studying children and the development of knowledge when he moved to Paris and began working on the†¦show more content†¦Upon completing his doctorate and moving to the Sorbonne, and taking part in the research being conducted by Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet (of IQ-test fame), he was intrigued by the consistently wrong answers given by children and decided to study their reasoning process further, rec ording interviews and play behaviour in order to document the childrens reactions. His marriage in 1923 provided him with the opportunity to study children intimately; his first child was born in 1925, and his three children became the focus of research for both Piaget and his wife. He received numerous honorary degrees and held various influential positions during his career (president of the Swiss Society of Psychology, director of the Bureau International Office de lEducation, President of the Swiss Commission of UNESCO). 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Motivation Theories Within Organization Free Essays

string(78) " the majority of us can simultaneously be at several levels of the hierarchy\." Nowadays it is widely accepted that the most important resource of any company are its employees; therefore competent manager need to have the clear understanding what motivates their subordinates to achieve effective performance as from efficiency of their work the success of the organization depends. Consequently, the task of manager consists in as much as possible effectively to use personnel opportunities. In independence on the manager decision the effect from it can be received only in case if this decision would successfully be embodied in the employees’ affairs. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Theories Within Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now And it can occur only in case if workers are interested in results of the work. For this reason, it is necessary to motivate the person, to induce to action. â€Å"Motivation is a combination of needs that influence behavior and action† (Kressler, 2003). In case if an employee is to successfully complete a task in any organization, he or she requires motivation, performance capacity and development potential in order to activate skills, experiences, talents and creative energies, and reach company goals.The main purpose of this assignment is the consideration and analysis of motivation theories (content process theories), on which based the modern management within organization, for effective human resource management. Thus it is necessary to examine these theories in terms of its strength and weaknesses and also practical relevance in understanding what and how to motivate employee for organization. In order to gain the basic knowledge about the theories of motivation the Maslow’s theory of need will be considered and analyzed in terms of its strength and weaknesses and also practical relevance in organization.In his well -known theory Abraham Maslow proposed that individuals have a basic set of needs and that this needs are arranged as hierarchy of needs. (Maslow, Abraham H. , 1987) Maslow (1987) also claimed that individual behavior depends on which need among the hierarchy of needs is dominate at present moment. At the same time, each individual has requirements of all five needs, whereas the force of each requirement, during any concrete time, depends on personal priorities of the individual.Thus, depending on these priorities the hierarchy of needs is built. Indeed, manager who informed about the level of needs of his subordinates will able to predict which type of needs will be dominated in their behavior; hence the most effective motivator can be chosen. Generally, the theory proposes the five stages of needs according to Maslow (1987). In order to have the clear understanding of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs the basic stages of the theory will be considered briefly below.At the bottom of the hierarchy is psychological need which based on physical drives including basic and primary needs of the individual. Regarding the organization it is needs for a salary, holiday, provision of pensions, the breaks, favorable operating conditions, illumination, heating and ventilation. After satisfying basic physiological needs the safety became individual’s main concern. This need reflect desire to maintain awards and position already received and also to protect themselves from danger, harm, threats, traumas, losses or deprivations.Within the organizations this need have the form of employees struggle for safety work, introduction of the seniority system and the organization of trade unions, safe working conditions, side benefits, the insurance and the severance pay (Kreitner, 2007). Since the biological and safety needs are reached the attention of individual focus on his need for friendship, love and his accessory. The individual as â€Å"social being† feel desire to be attractive for others and want to satisfy their social needs in the organization.It occurs by way of entering in formal and informal work groups and by collaboration with other individuals (Kreitner, 2007). Maslow (1987) claimed that once people begin to satisfy their affiliation needs, they want to be respected by others. Such need as esteem logically can be divided onto two types. The first is a need for self-esteem or satisfaction by itself. The self-esteem is closely connected with feeling of purpose achievement, competence, knowledge, a maturity and dependences. The second type is need for respect by others. This need is connected with reputation, social recognition, the status into work group.In any organization of an award which can satisfy need for respect include honorary titles, other forms of the recognition, additional obligations and promotion (Maslow, Abraham H. , 1987). Maslow arranges the need of self-actualization as the highest in the hierarchy of need. When the needs of four bottom levels are satisfied the individual focuses his attention on satisfaction the need of self-actualization. By trying to reach it the individual attempt to realize the whole potential to increase his abilities and to be â€Å"the best†. Such need for self-expression is highest of all human needs according to Maslow (1987).In short, the fact that the human needs possible to arrange in a hierarchical order has a great importance. Firstly, the needs of the bottom levels should be satisfied first of all, only after that it is possible to address to needs of higher levels. Besides, it is necessary to consider that the needs of the lowest levels form the foundation on which the needs of the highest levels built. Only in case if the needs of the lowest level remain satisfied the manager has a chance to become successful by motivating subordinates through satisfaction of higher level needs.The idea of sufficiency is also important as the individual will never has feeling of full satisfaction of their needs. The majority of people need more safety, friends, respect and self-confidence irrespective of how many they have already achieved. Thus, the individual moves upwards on the hierarchy not in a case when his needs are completely satisfied and when they are satisfied enough. As Frank J. at al. (2010) claimed that Maslow theory is more a theory of human development than one of work motivation. Indeed, the main role of this theory plays the intuition which is the best explanation of its popularity.However, from the point of view of concrete management actions Maslow’s approach has a number of deficiencies. First of all, the majority of us can simultaneously be at several levels of the hierarchy. You read "Motivation Theories Within Organization" in category "Papers" Also it is the extremely difficult to define level of the needs by satisfying which it will be possible to motivate individual at certain moment. Partially the problem occurs due to it is very difficult to distinguish small, minor alterations in needs which occur daily, from more considerable changes in human needs. (Sapru, 2006). Complexity is also arises at measurement of the individual needs. The majority of employee has difficulties by the definition of their own needs and at arrangement of priorities. The manager, who should create the motivational environment for his subordinates, faces the most complicated problem. The majority of the modern process theories of motivation consider motivation as a process of choice management (Vroom, 1995). Such definition of motivation was given first by Victor Vroom. Vroom (1995) is also asserted that the individual constantly are in a motivation condition.Thus, according to Vroom (1995) to be the successful manager it is necessary to show to subordinates that the direction of their efforts to achievement of the purposes within the organization will lead to the prompt achievement of their personal purposes. According to the expectancy theory of motivation the subordinates would work the most productively if they are assured that their expectancy in next three areas will be justified: (1) the chance of getting the job done, and (2) the instrumental relationship between performance and rewards, (3) the value of rewards.These key elements of the expectancy theory will be considered and analyzed below. Firstly, the effort – performance expectancy: When the individual ask himself, â€Å"In what extent I can expect that my efforts will lead to quantitative and qualitative results which are necessary for my manager†, the answer is expressed by the term â€Å"expectancy in the relation â€Å"the effort- performance† It means that as stronger expectancy that the efforts will lead to desirable result as more probability that this individual will accomplished task well.Secondly, the performance-reward instrumentality. In case if employee will estimate clearness of that he ab le to perform the given work successfully, he asks himself: â€Å"If I properly perform this work, so which award I can expect and whether it is the award which I want to receive? † Uncertainty arises in that case when the worker is compelled to rely on others. As stronger the confidence of individual that the manager will pay the compensation promised as the probability of that the worker begins to perform more productive higher. Thirdly, the valence of rewards. Even if employee confident in that they able to perform their work effectively, which the manager expect from them, the subordinates ask themselves a question: â€Å"If will I receive the award which I wanted to gain, whether will it be enough valuable or not in order to satisfy my basic needs? † According to Vroom (1995) the answer to this question consists in measurement the value of the award. Besides, the value of reward is the most important element of the motivation theory and, unfortunately, not always is taken into consideration by managers.As such, Maslow (1987) is used the term â€Å"domination† in order to define the general level of needs satisfying of which will manage over the individuals actions. However, the new question is arises: â€Å"How the manager will define, which reward is means of satisfaction of the needs this or that subordinate? † To answer this question, Vroom (1995) uses the term â€Å"valence† for definition the force of pre ference of this or that reward. In brief, the expectancy theory of Vroom offers some suggestions about the improvement of manager’s performance (Kumar A. 2000). First of all, the process of comparison needs of subordinates with the reward received by them from the organization should be regular. Secondly, the help is often required to subordinates in order to realize connection between the exert efforts and the result received and also between the reward and satisfaction of needs. On other words, their confidence grows if they see that the manager pays much attention to this interrelation and appreciate their subordinates to keep the concrete course of actions.Additionally, as for different people the diversified needs is priority and; hence value of the reward received from the organization for all is not identical. Thus, the manager can strengthen the motivational potential of reward only in case if he will understand that which stimulus is most effective for each subordinate. Finally, the managers should strengthen the motivational potential of the work offered by them to the subordinates. Besides, the managers should show their abilities as manager constantly giving the significant rewards when the organizations goals are already advanced.In order to find out what would motivate mine peers in the workplace the brief survey of the 10 people were carried out and the data collected are shown in appendix 1 attached. The 10 participants were asked the multiple-choice question: â€Å"What are the things that will motivate you at the workplace? † The next variables were also provided: 1) the personal achievements, 2) working with others, 3) the recognition by others, 4) helping others, 5) varied and interesting work, 6) financial reward, 7) good working atmosphere. The rate of effectiveness of the survey is arranged as Good/Ok/Not good/Poor motivator.This survey displayed that first 3 variables are the most dominance amongst the responders. It is clear from the appendix 1 that the such motivator as self-achievement is at the top of the table as the responders feel a great sense of achievement and self-contribution to overall performance. The participants respond variously: â€Å"Feels like I have made a significant contribution† etc. The positive relations between peers are also appeared as a strong motivator with such response of participants as â€Å"colleagues should support each other and have a respect from them†.Next motivator which is â€Å"recognition by others† is the 3 rd. place variable that makes up 8 votes as good motivator and 2 as ok that makes it equal self-achievement motivator. , The following results showed that such motivators as helping others, varied and interesting work, financial reward and good working atmosphere shared the places left with equal votes per 5 as a good motivator; however some of it appeared as a not good motivator, according to survey, that makes slight difference between it. Nonetheless, it remains the parity as it is the question of the validity and reliability of the data from responders obtain.As it has been noted by Maslow (1987) that the needs of the bottom levels should be satisfied first of all, only after that it is possible to address to needs of higher levels. Thus, survey indicate that in average the participants thought that the first 3 variables are the best motivator for them that makes possible to assume that there are located on such stages of hierarchy of needs as esteem stage in case of the recognition by others. As such, most of the responders are reached the highest level of hierarchy – self- actualization in case of personal achievement. To conclude, Sapru R. 2006) claimed that the most of the problems within the organization are motivation problems. Those involved in the study of organizational behavior recognize the importance of motivation as a determinant of effective performance in the organization. Recognizing the level of motivation in the workplace can address a lot of worker-related problems. This assignment including questionnaire results has shown new angles to human behavior, which affect the individual’s productivity. By analyzing these aspects, management in the organization can improve the productivity of their employee.A successful application of these theories requires an understanding of the situations and circumstances surrounding the organization. For example, according to Maslow’s theory, managers sometimes don’t understand the indifference of employees to their work. It is possible that even if management is constantly giving recognition to their outstanding work, a part of the problem lies on the inability of these employees to fulfill the lower needs. A manager can say please and good work to a particular employee and the effect would still be negative.By understanding the weakness of these theories will help the manager decide which features of which theory can best be applied in their organization. Building morale is an important concept in motivating employee; it will help create productivity. Developing a shared vision is a way to begin building morale. Understanding the needs and expectations of construction workers is basic to motivation. The knowledge of motivational theories can help a lot in this regard. It is important to point out that motivational theories must be used wisely.Misuse of some theories and techniques could result in negative consequences Appendix 1. Variables (motivators)| Good| Ok| Not good| Poor| Totalparticipants| the personal achievements| 8 | 2 | -| -| 10| working with others| 7 | 2 | 1 | -| 10| the recognition by others| 8| 2| -| -| 10| helping others| 5| 3| 2| -| 10| varied and interesting work| 5| 3| 2| -| 10| financial reward| 5| 5| -| -| 10| good working atmosphere| 5| 4| 1| -| 10| Questionnaire. References: 1) Frank J. , Landy,Jeffrey, M. , Conte. 2010. Work in the 21st. entury. An introduction in industrial and organizational psychology. Hoboken: Willey-Blackwell 2) Kreitner R. 2007. Management. Boston: George T. Hoffman 3) Kumar A. , Sharma R. 2000. Principles of Business management. New-Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors 4) Maslow Abraham H. 1987. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper Row 5) Sapru R. 2006. Administrative theories and management thought. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India 6) Vroom V. 1995. Work and motivation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Classics How to cite Motivation Theories Within Organization, Papers

Blood Diamonds Essay Example For Students

Blood Diamonds Essay Imagine you are walking through Sierra Leone, a beautiful, lush landscape surrounded by tall trees in the summer sun. Sierra Leone is a small country located on the northwest side of Africa?s coast that encompasses approximately 45,000 square miles of mountainous terrain, about 7% of which is arable (Affairs 2010). The country has a mixture of verdant rain forests, beautiful beaches, and more than six million people living within its borders. Then imagine yourself walking around a bend, discovering a large center of slaves working on their hands and knees in muddy riverbeds in search for diamonds. In addition to the diverse foliage, Sierra Leone is also home to deposits of diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, and chromite (Affairs 2010). For Sierra Leoneans, these resources, diamond deposits in particular, have been a curse for they have been the basis for much conflict and war. Because of their small size, diamonds can, with little effort be transported or smuggled out o f the country and sold into the black market. There are two types of diamonds in Sierra Leone: alluvial diamonds, which are found in shallow riverbeds and kimberlite diamonds, which are found in concentrated mines. Because diamonds can be smuggled out of the country so easily for such high profit, they have become both a reason to fight and a factor in creating revenue in order to purchase firearms and other provisions. One group who came to power as a result of their control overwas the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Because Sierra Leone has such a weak property rights regime over diamonds, rebels from the RUF seized full control of the diamond deposits away from the government. This seizure boiled over into a decade long war between the RUF to determine who controls the property rights to the diamond deposits. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the overall role of blood diamonds in Sierra Leone. I will first present a brief background on diamonds that will transition into the role of diamonds in initiating, exacerbating, and eventually ending the war in Sierra Leone. Finally, I will end this analysis with a discussion of the post-war challenges Sierra Leone faces in developing as a peaceful, unified country. Despite having some of the most beautiful scenery in West Africa, Sierra Leone has often been described as one of the most economically poor countries in the world. Since the discovery of diamonds in Sierra Leone in 1932, the country has managed to export over 32 million carats of diamonds (Hirsch 2000). Prior to the conflict with the RUF, the diamond industry was comprised of several corporate mining companies. In addition to these diamond companies, Sierra Leone also used what is called the Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme (ADMS). Through this, small diamond producers were granted licenses that enabled them to mine for diamonds, typically using labor-intensive mining techniques (Hirsch 2000). The most common method for diamond mining in Sierra Leone is the sifting through gravel from river banks, river bets, and small pits (Conflict Free 2009). Unfortunately, the majority of workers in this type of work have no ownership over the diamonds they are unearthing. Because the diamonds mined through the Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme are ultimately sold through chains of small dealers to one of the corporate mining companies to be exported, the ADMS s eems to have only two main purposes: ?to appease traditional rulers in the Eastern province and to obtain diamonds through labor-intensive, non-capitalist labor that could not be obtained profitably by the larger corporations (Zack-Williams, 206).? The corporate structure behind the Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme is dominated by a company named DeBeers. Through Lauren Thompson?s report Sierra Leone: 1935-2000, she explains how ?in 1935, DeBeers gained full rights to the diamond industry in Sierra Leone until the year 2034 (Thompson 2000).? Later in her report, Thompson discusses the role of Lebanese traders in Sierra Leone and their attitudes towards diamond smuggling. ?These traders quickly discovered smuggling diamonds brought easy profits, and illicit mining and trading grew throughout the country (Thompson 2000).? As soon as word spread concerning diamond smuggling, thousands of people flocked to Sierra Leone creating an overwhelming diamond rush in 1950. Because of the new infl ux of people, the government was no longer able to police the diamond districts (Abdullah 1998). Ultimately, with the government completely removed from the diamond industry as well as the diamonds being dispersed over such a large territory, diamonds were now seen as a good that could be socially looted, becoming the object of conflict in Sierra Leone. The diamond conflict in Sierra Leone is often credited to Charles Taylor, the former President of Liberia. Taylor is known to have directly sponsored diamond bandits in Sierra Leone. Following the illegal attainment of diamonds, these same bandits were then responsible for smuggling the diamonds across the border into Liberia. In an article concerning regional peacekeeping in Sierra Leone, Steven Burgess states that ?The failure of the United States to respond to pleas from its traditional Liberian ally during the disintegration of the dictatorship of Samuel Doe in 1990 permitted a rebel incursion to escalate into a protracted conflict; subsequently, it spilled over into Sierra Leone, a similarly weak state? (Burgess 1998, 41). The decade-long war in Sierra Leone is heavily linked to Taylor?s actions in financing diamond bandits and introducing the ability to finance war through diamond smuggling. Raging Waters EssayPost-Conflict development and the social implications brought on by the war in Sierra Leone are still a pressing issue for all members that society. The social implications of the war alone are enough to severely cripple the country. Following the civil war, Sierra Leone experienced a large influx of orphans, many of who served with the RUF as combatants. With the RUF expelled, these children must now live side by side with the very people they once terrorized, raped and murdered (Azar et al 1999). The fact that previous combatants and victims are living side by side in such an unstable economy allows for a high risk for future conflict. Although most child soldiers were not punished for their actions due to the recruitment methods by the RUF, there is still a high need for restorative justice that provides a sense of community and calm for both victims and combatants (Peters and Richards 1998). In addition to social growth that needs to take place, economic development is also necessary to prevent future conflict. According to the World Bank, in order to create a sustainable economy that will prevent future war in a post-war country is the diversification of GDP away from one specific commodity or good (World Bank). For Sierra Leone, this commodity is without a doubt diamonds. However, if Sierra Leone decided to reduce its dependence on income from the sale of diamonds, the government would not receive nearly as much revenue because so much of Sierra Leone?s resources are diamonds. Also, steps would have to be taken to police the diamond fields if they were not going to be mined as heavily in order to prevent the looting and exploitation of diamond deposits by yet another rebel incursion. Overall, the increased opportunity cost of not depending so much on revenue generated from the selling of rough diamonds is a testament to how difficult the conditions are currently being faced by the government of Sierra Leone. Works CitedAbdullah, I. (1998). Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone. The Journal of Modern African Studies , 203-235. Affairs, B. o. (2010, August 17). Background Notes on Countries of the World: Sierra Leone. Retrieved November 11, 2010, from U.S. Department of State: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htmAriovich, G. (1985). The Economics of Diamond Price Movements. Managerial and Decision Economics , 234-240. Azar, F., Mullet, E., Vinsonneau, G. (1999). The Propensity to Forgive: Findings from Lebanon. Journal of Peace Research , 1-2. Bank, W. (2010). Postcrisis Growth and Development. Washington, DC: EXTOP. Burgess, S. F. (1998). African Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenges of Indigenization and Multilateralism. African Studies Review , 37-61. Conflict Free Blood Diamonds: Sierra Leone. (2009). Retrieved November 14, 2010, from All About Gemstones: http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/conflict-diamonds_sierra-leone.htmlEpstein, E. J. (1982, February). Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond? Retrieved November 11, 2010, from The Atlantic Monthly: www.theatlantic.com/issues/82feb/8202diamond1.htmFogelberg, K., Thalmann, A. (2004). Amputation as a Strategy of Terror in Sierra Leone. High Plains Applied Anthropologist , 158-173. Hirsch, J. L. (2000). Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Kandeh, J. D. (2005). The Criminalization of the RUF Insurgency in Sierra Leone. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Murphy, W. P. (2003). Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars. African Studies Review , 61-87. Peters, K., Richards, P. (1998). Why We Fight: Voices of Youth Combatants in Sierra Leone. Journal of the International African Institute , 183-210. Prosecuting Foday Sankoh. (2000, May 5). New York Times , p. 26. Pugh, M., Cooper, N., Goodhand, J. (2004). War Economies in a Regional Context: Challenges of Transformation. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Schaeffer, C. (2007). Doomed for Failure: The Lom? Peace Accord and the United Nations. New England Political Science Association , 1. Stanton, L. (2002, February 14). Ten Reasons Why You Should Never Accept a Diamond Ring from Anyone, Under Any Circumstances, Even if They Really Want to Give You One. Retrieved November 11, 2010, from Field Guide to the U.S. Economy: http://www.fguide.org/?p=53Thompson, L. (2000, July 1). Sierra Leone: 1935-2000. Retrieved November 11, 2010, from Professional Jewlers Magazine: http://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/hottopics/sierraleone1.htmlZack-Williams, A. (1995). Tributors, Supporters and Merchant Capital: Mining and Underdevelopment in Sierra Leone (Making of Modern Africa). Brookfield: Ashgate.